Trusts

October 1, 2013October 1, 2013

Wait, I Did What?!?! Are You Second-Guessing Your ILIT?

Many Americans let out a sigh of relief when the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 was finally signed into law. The signing of the act put an end to much of the uncertainty that previously surrounded estate planning where taxes are concerned. As a recent article explains, one consequence of this newfound certainty is that individuals who planned meticulously in order to avoid death taxes are now attempting to back-pedal .

One product that many individuals are now second-guessing is the Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust (“ILIT”). As the term “irrevocable” implies, ILITs are relatively inflexible. However, there are certain ways through which estate-planning attorneys can soften the terms of an ILIT.

Options such as adding a spousal access clause, adding a special trustee clause, or increasing the discretionary power of the trustee allow the trust creator to exercise more control over the trust. Some state governments have also attempted to make ILITs flexible by enacting “decanting” statutes that provide for the transfer of assets from an old ILIT to a new, less restrictive one.

If you would like to modify or revoke your ILIT, it is important to examine the originating documents carefully. Be sure to consider the legal, tax, financial, and insurance components of any planned adjustment. Importantly, any changes to your trust should comply with its terms and make financial sense.

September 17, 2013September 17, 2013

Pass on the Bypass? Is a Bypass Trust Necessary?

Many people wonder whether bypass trusts are still necessary for asset protection. Even after the 2013 unified credit changes have been implemented for estate planning, making the transfer of assets between spouses easier, a recent article explains why bypass trusts may still be a good idea for certain estate plans.

One benefit of a bypass trust is that it protects assets from creditors and lawsuits. The provisions of a bypass trust that offer this protection depend on the state that the trust was created in and the state that the surviving spouse currently resides in.

Bypass trusts are also a good tool because they can transfer assets to more than one generation. A bypass trust can be set up to benefit the surviving spouse for the remainder of his or her life, then provide assets for his or her children and grandchildren. Bypass trusts can be written to include various other special benefits. These benefits can include professional management, provisions to limit spending, and provisions to avoid probate.

Finally, bypass trusts are helpful in avoiding estate taxes on appreciating assets. For example, imagine that a person put $5.25 million worth of assets in a bypass trust. Further, imagine that the $5.25 million grows to a value of over $10 million while in the trust. In this scenario, the entire $10 million will avoid estate taxes. As a result, bypass trusts may still be essential for particular estate plans.

September 5, 2013

Make Sure Your “S” Is Covered: Estate Planning Considerations for S Corporations

It is important for those who hold shares in an S Corporation to carefully plan for the distribution of those shares. The stakes for these transfers are high, as a faulty transfer may result in the inadvertent termination of the corporation’s S status. A recent article discusses several considerations to make when planning for the transfer of S Corporation shares.

Individuals or entities such as estates or certain types of trusts may hold shares in an S Corporation. The types of trusts that are qualified to hold S Corporation shares include grantor trusts, qualified Subchapter S trusts, electing small business trusts, testamentary trusts, and voting trusts. All other trusts are considered to be non-qualifying shareholders.

If a shareholder’s estate plan inadvertently transfers his or her S Corporation shares to a non-qualifying shareholder, not only will the S Corporation be inadvertently terminated, but corporate level taxes may be triggered on the other shareholders. To avoid this fate, it is important to review your estate plan to ensure that your plan does not transfer S Corporation shares to a non-qualifying trust. On the other hand, the right kind of trust can be a powerful tool to achieving Estate Planning, Asset Protection & Business Succession Planning goals.

S Corporations can also work to avoid costly missteps by employing shareholder agreements, which provide that the shares may only be transferred to qualified shareholders. Additionally, S Corporation shareholders should carefully monitor shareholder trusts to ensure that the trusts remain eligible to hold S Corporation shares.

September 4, 2013

When You Aren’t Sure Where to Start: Having an Estate Planning Discussion with an Elderly Parent

A majority of adults find it difficult to discuss financial issues with their aging family members. Although these are often difficult and uncomfortable conversations to have, they are often necessary. Moreover, it is important to have these conversations with your parents early, before they become unable to handle their financial lives. A recent article discusses how to start this conversation, and what topics to cover.

One way to ensure that you bring up this topic is to make an appointment with yourself to do so. A good idea is to plan the discussion for after a family gathering such as a birthday party. This way, other family members can join in the conversation. If you believe that your parents and family members will be receptive to the idea, select a date and time and then invite them to join in on the conversation.

During the conversation, it is important to discuss several different aspects of your parent’s estate. The first aspect is legal. Determine whether your parent has done any estate planning. If yes, ask where the legal documents are and what estate planning tools are employed, such as wills or trusts. Your parent may also wish to explain any distributions.

Another important aspect to discuss is healthcare. Determine what types of health coverage your parent has aside from Medicare. This may include long term care insurance, or simply some money set aside for anticipated health care costs. Finally, determine whether your parent has executed a health care power of attorney. If he or she has not, encourage him or her to do so. This will be an essential step should the time come when your parent is unable to make their own decisions on their healthcare.

August 29, 2013August 29, 2013

Don’t Keep it a Secret! – The Truth About Estate Planning Conversations

Recently, BMO Management conducted a survey concerning communication of estate plans. Although 90% of American adults surveyed stated that estate planning is “an important topic to discuss,” only 19% of those adults reported actually having detailed estate planning discussions with their parents. A recent article discusses why these results are problematic.

The absence of an estate planning discussion can cause trouble down the road. This trouble often leads to fighting among heirs, and a long, drawn out process of estate distribution. Through estate planning conversations, parents can discuss the reasoning behind their estate planning maneuvers and ensure that their children understand the intent behind the estate plan.

The sooner such conversations can take place, the better. As BMO vice-president of financial planning Stephen Williams explains, “Your personal legacy depends more on the effective communication of your values, plans and beliefs than on the items that can be neatly summarized in the paragraphs in your will and trust.” If you are a parent, begin this conversation on a positive note. Inform your children of what estate planning documents you have put in place and then begin a deeper discussion of your plans. If possible, have this conversation as a family.

August 13, 2013August 14, 2013

How’s This for GRAT-itude? – Basics of the GRAT

As a recent article explains, a Grantor Retained Annuity Trust (“GRAT”) is a great estate-planning tool for high-net-worth individuals. This type of irrevocable trust permits you to make a lifetime gift of assets to an irrevocable trust in exchange for a fixed payment stream for a specified term of years.

Often, individuals making large transfers to their beneficiaries choose to utilize GRATs because of associated tax benefits.

A key aspect of GRAT transfers is that they minimize or even eliminate estate and gift tax liability on the transferred assets. Moreover, the creator of a GRAT may receive fixed annual payments for the life of the trust. Through receiving this annuity, the creator is paid back his or her principal, as well as interest. After the trust term has concluded, the remainder of the trust passes to the trust beneficiaries.

When setting up a GRAT, it is important to carefully select a trust term. If the trust term ends while the creator is still alive, the remaining assets will be included as part of his or her gross estate for purposes of determining estate tax liability. Those who anticipate outliving the trust term of their GRAT should consider employing a life insurance strategy to offset any additional tax liabilities.

Those who wish to set up a GRAT should act quickly because the Obama administration may soon eliminate the tax benefits that a GRAT strategy would reap as proposed in the President’s latest Green book proposals.

August 7, 2013August 7, 2013

When You Lose Trust in the Trustee: How A Beneficiary Can Enforce A Trust

As a recent article explains, sometimes trustees do not do what they are supposed to. Sometimes trustees make mistakes in carrying out their duties while other times, they knowingly fail to comply with the terms of the trust. If you are the beneficiary of a trust, there may be some things you can do to ensure that the trustee follows the terms of the trust.

Because a trust is created by a legal document, each trust contains rights and duties that are legally enforceable. If a trustee has not followed the terms of the trust, he or she is considered to be in breach of his or her duties. There are several steps a beneficiary should take when he or she believes that the trustee of his or her trust is in breach.

The first step that a beneficiary should take is to review the trust documents. The beneficiary should be certain of what the terms of the trust are before he or she confronts the trustee concerning an alleged breach. Often, discrepancies over the behavior of a trustee are based on misunderstandings about what the trust documents actually say.

If you have consulted the trust documents and still believe that your trustee is in breach of his or her duties, speak with the trustee first. A majority of trust issues can be resolved through proper communication. If communication does not solve your problem, review the trust document to determine what the procedure for replacing trustees is. Although each trust is different, many trusts contain a provision that allows for the relatively easy replacement of a trustee.

August 6, 2013August 6, 2013

Even the Wiseguys: Gandolfini’s Disastrous Estate Plan

After “Sopranos” actor James Gandolfini’s unexpected death at the age of 51, a recent article has described his estate plan as disastrous. Americans should take this opportunity to learn from the mistakes in Gandolfini’s estate plan in order to avoid making the same mistakes themselves.

According to the report, an estimated $30 million of Gandolfini’s $70 million estate will be paid out in taxes. There are many methods through which Americans can avoid a similar fate. These methods are all rooted in proper estate planning, which can dramatically reduce, or even eliminate, the tax burden on your estate.

One way to avoid a large tax bill is through the establishment of trust vehicles. Current federal law allows individuals to transfer $5.25 million into an irrevocable trust without having to pay gift tax on that amount. Married couples can combine their tax-free amounts to make a total of $10.5 million. The different types of trust accounts you may choose include marital trusts, life insurance trusts, and special needs trusts.

It is also important to update your estate plan as the size and characteristics of your estate and family change. Constant updates will also allow your estate to stay current with tax laws.

July 24, 2013July 24, 2013

Million Dollar Babies: Leaving Assets to a Minor

Can you imagine receiving a few hundred thousand dollars in your account when you were 18 years of age? Typically, parents wish to leave their assets to their children or grandchildren. Although many people simply leave their assets to their children and grandchildren outright, a recent article discussed why it might be best to leave gifts to minor children and grandchildren in trust accounts.

If a parent leaves an inheritance to a minor child outright, the inheritance must go through the process of probate. Because a minor cannot legally hold property in his or her own name, a probate judge must appoint a guardian to hold the property until the child reaches the age of 18. The court-appointed guardian may not be a person that the parent or grandparent would have chosen. Moreover, the cost of compensating the guardian may diminish the inheritance.

Creating a trust for your minor child is the only way to remain in control of the assets. Through the trust, you can dictate how the funds may be used, and when they may be distributed to the beneficiary. Moreover, through creation of the trust you can select a trustworthy person to serve as trustee. Finally, a trust will take effect immediately. Therefore, the beneficiary will not be forced to submit to the probate proceedings.

July 3, 2013July 9, 2013

Some String Attached: Protection Through a Spendthrift Trust

Under the terms of a trust, a trustee holds legal title to the trust assets for the beneficiary. The trust documents dictate how and when the trustee may distribute the trust assets to the beneficiary. There are many types of trusts that can be used to serve various purposes in estate planning. A recent article discussed the purpose and benefits of a spendthrift trust.

A spendthrift trust is essentially a trust with a spendthrift clause. A spendthrift clause prohibits the beneficiary from accessing the assets within the trust. This clause thereby prevents creditors of the beneficiary from intercepting payments meant for the beneficiary. Once the beneficiary receives a distribution, however, his or her creditors may then reach the distributed assets. Spendthrift clauses may also prevent beneficiaries from voluntarily or involuntarily transferring their interest in the trust.

Spendthrift trusts may protect a variety of people. They are a popular choice among parents who want to leave money to their children but are worried that their children will spend it quickly and irresponsibly. Spendthrift trusts may also protect a person against an unexpected creditor, such as the victim of a car accident, a future ex-spouse, or a business creditor.

June 19, 2013June 19, 2013

RUN FOR SHELTER!!! Or Don’t? Is a Credit Shelter Trust Still Necessary?

Before the statutory portability provisions were made permanent, people often used Credit Shelter Trusts (“CSTs”) in order to maximize the estate tax exemption of the first spouse to die. The use of CSTs therefore reduces the estate tax on the entire marital estate. As a recent article discusses, however, the need of CSTs has been called into question after portability was made permanent.

The portability provision automatically allows married couples to utilize their combined exemption amount. In 2013, this exemption amount was $10.5 million. For high net-worth families, however, a CST is still a beneficial estate planning tool for saving estate taxes.

It is important to understand that, under portability, a deceased spouse’s exemption freezes at the time of his or her death. Therefore, if the first spouse dies many years before the second spouse dies, he or she could miss significant estate tax savings. CSTs are also beneficial for appreciable assets. The value of any assets placed in a CST is frozen at the time of the spouse’s death. Therefore, if the assets were worth $1 million at the time of the spouse’s death, and $5 million when the surviving spouse dies, all $5 million would be excluded from the estate of the surviving spouse.

May 8, 2013May 8, 2013

Advantages Of An Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust

Many Americans may be unaware of what an irrevocable life insurance trust (“ILIT”) is, let alone the benefits it may provide to them. A recent article discusses several of the benefits offered by ILITs.

Typically, life insurance policy proceeds are not subject to income taxation. However, they are included in the calculation of a person’s gross taxable estate. This is where the ILIT comes in. If a person puts their life insurance policy into an ILIT, the proceeds of the policy are kept out of his or her taxable estate. The proceeds will therefore be available to his or her heirs free of income and estate tax.

Additionally, ILITs are a great way to provide cash to help pay for the taxes that will be levied on your estate. Beneficiaries of your ILIT can use some of the proceeds to pay the taxes owed on your estate. By doing this, your actual estate is kept in tact. This strategy is especially beneficial to those whose estate consists largely of illiquid assets such as a business or real estate. Through setting up an ILIT, you can ensure that your family will not have to sell the illiquid assets in your estate in order to satisfy the estate taxes.

May 1, 2013May 1, 2013

Estate Planning Oversight Will Cost Koch Estate 3 Million Dollars

After the death of New York City legend Ed Koch on February 1st, 2013, his estate plan became the topic of public conversation. A recent article discussing the plan suggests that he could have saved his estate 3 million dollars in taxes had he set up an irrevocable trust.

Koch drafted his final estate plan in 2007. Through his will, he directed that his 10 million dollar estate be distributed mainly between his sister, three sons, and secretary of 40 years. His estate plan did not utilize any type of irrevocable trust in order to facilitate these distributions. According to Managing Director of Estate Street Partners, LLC, Rocco Beatrice, using such a trust could have eliminated the entire estate tax bill of 3 million.

Koch’s estate will be required to pay New York state taxes of 16% on the amount by which it exceeds $1 million, as well as federal estate tax of 40% on the amount by which the estate exceeds $5.25 million. Assuming his estate is worth $10 million, these taxes would amount to $1.44 million and $1.90 million, respectively.

According to Beatrice, “That is a lot of money in taxes which could have easily been avoided.” Beatrice explained that, had Koch set up irrevocable trusts, the $3 million could have gone to his family, rather than the government.

March 27, 2013March 27, 2013

Insurance Considerations When Transferring An Asset To A Trust or LLC

Two popular and time-tested methods of wealth transfer are the trust account and limited liability company. While both of these options can provide an excellent vehicle for the transfer of assets, it is important that the creator consider all the related details. One such detail that must be addressed is insurance.

Without addressing insurance considerations while forming a trust or limited liability company, a person may face an unexpected and catastrophic loss of insurance coverage. All insurance policies, no matter what type, are written to provide the owner or titleholder of an asset with coverage. Problems may occur, therefore, when assets are transferred to a trust or LLC.

For example, a person may transfer ownership in their home to a trust fund, LLC for various reasons including estate planning, tax considerations, or protection from creditors. Upon making such a transfer, the homeowner must be sure to change the homeowner’s insurance policy to reflect the fact that the home is now owned by the trust or LLC. Should the previous homeowner fail to make this change and the home is damaged, the insurance company may question the ownership change. Without making the appropriate changes, therefore, a homeowner could become potentially liable to pay any arising damages out-of-pocket.

January 23, 2013January 24, 2013

Using a Flexible Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust to Shelter Life-Insurance Proceeds

Many people do not realize that life insurance proceeds are in fact taxed. Although these proceeds escape income taxes, they ARE counted as part of your taxable estate. An article in The Wall Street Journal discusses one way to shelter such proceeds from estate taxes, the Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust.

In order to avoid such tax consequences, you may choose to transfer ownership of your existing life insurance policy to an Irrevocable Life Insurance Trust (“ILIT”). By transferring such ownership, the ILIT is removed from your estate. Once established, an ILIT also allows you to split death benefits among several beneficiaries any way you wish. You also retain the power to decide how and when the benefits will be distributed to your heirs.

If you believe that an ILIT is right for you, you should act sooner, rather than later. Existing policies transferred to ILITs are subject to a three-year look-back period, meaning that if you die within three years of its creation, your life insurance proceeds will revert back to your name and be included within your taxable estate (Although this is not the case for new policies purchased directly by the life insurance trust.

An ILIT is usually used for life insurance policies that were set up for the sole benefit of the heirs. If you need to own or access your life insurance policy at anytime, an ILIT may still be a good solution for you, but it must be drafted with that goal in mind.

November 7, 2012November 6, 2012

Learning From Celebrity Mistakes: The Case of the Houston Estate

The premature death of six-time Grammy winner Whitney Houston should serve as a somber reminder that wills not only need to be created, but updated every few years. As estate planner Andy Mayoras points out, “Celebrity stories like this are a great educational tool to share with clients and highlight what should be done, what was done wrong, and what was done right.”

According to the Investment News, Houston’s will named daughter Bobbi Kristina Brown as the main beneficiary. Surprisingly, Houston drafted her will in 1993 – while still married to Bobby Brown – and never updated it. The will specifies that if Houston had no living children at the time of her death, her estate would pass to Bobby Brown and specified members of Houston’s family. Furthermore, Brown is named as the guardian for their daughter Bobbi Kristina.

Even if this is what Houston wanted, she should have clarified her intentions in a modified estate plan after her split with Brown. Estate plans should be routinely updated after major life events such as divorce, death of a beneficiary, or birth.

Also interesting is that Houston’s will created a testamentary trust for her daughter. A testamentary trust is created by a will, and therefore must pass through probate. By passing through probate, it becomes a public document. Had Houston wanted to keep the associated financial information private, she could have created a “living trust.” Living trusts pass outside of probate, and therefore remain hidden from the public eye.

October 24, 2012October 23, 2012

Court Finds that J.P. Morgan Mishandled Trust, Orders $18.1 Million Payout

An Oklahoma judge has recently held that J.P. Morgan & Chase Co.’s administration of the Carolyn S. Burford trust was “grossly negligent and reckless.” As a result, the court ordered J.P. Morgan to pay the trust $18.1 million, as well as punitive damages and legal fees.

According to a recent article in the New York Times, the order for monetary damages came after the Tulsa County Judge found that J.P. Morgan breached its fiduciary duties in handling the trust account. In 2000, J.P. Morgan sold variable prepaid forward contracts to the trust. The court determined that this sale was a breach of fiduciary duty. Not only did the bank fail to ensure that the client understood what the product was, but it also failed to disclose the fact that the transaction was beneficial to the bank. The court further found that the bank was “double dipping” when it used the proceeds from the contracts to further invest in it’s own investment products.

Current law requires that brokers handling trust accounts act in the best interest of the client. According to J.P. Morgan spokesperson Douglas Morris, “We disagree with the court’s decision and will take all appropriate measures to respond, including appealing the decision.”

October 11, 2009December 2, 2012

What do you need to address for your family?

Your goal may be making sure your children & spouse are financially secure and to protect your assets from those who may ‘attack’ them. Perhaps you want to ensure your property and business is secure in the event of the following: death, divorce, a partner developing a debilitating disability and/or creditor’s attacks. Or it may be as simple as naming a guardian for your minor children. Most probably, your goals and needs are a combination of the above, plus other circumstances unique to you.

There’s no such thing as a ‘one-size-fits-all’ estate plan or a ‘cookie-cutter’ simple will. Different goals and unique circumstances requirepersonal attention and customized plans. Here are examples of client estate planning needs we’ve addressed in the recent past:

• An IT Professional and his business partner needed a comprehensive Buy-Sell agreement which ensured that in the event of either of their untimely deaths, the business can continue to run, but the deceased partner’s family would be paid a fair market value for his share of the business. As you can see both the family and the business needs are addressed.

• A married couple with substantial real estate investmentswanted to ensure that their personal home and assets wouldn’t be lost to a tenant, a lender or other litigant who sues them as a result of liabilities arising from their investments. We were able to implement an Asset Protection Plan which shields their family assets from liabilities than can arise from their investments. Most importantly, they also named a Guardian for their minor children in the event neither of them is around.

• One of our clients is a Physician who is married. Her husband is anon citizen. Her concern was saving money in Estate Taxes and what would occur if she died and her husband survived her, still not an American citizen. We implemented a plan, consisting of Wills and Trusts for each, that will save hundreds of thousands of dollars. Also addressed was the potential negative tax impact facing her husband upon her death as a result of his Resident Alien status. They also chose to create a Pet Trust for their dog.

Your customized plan should address your individual goals and needs. We can work together to put into effect a plan for your asset and income protection that will allow you to keep intact the Estate that you have spent a lifetime creating.

June 1, 2009December 2, 2012

Estate Planning for Non-Citizen Spouses

When one or both spouses in a married couple living in the United States are not citizens of the United States, special planning may be required to avoid hefty tax consequences for transfers during lifetime or at death of the spouses. This is because Gift and Estate tax laws treat non-citizens (permanent & temporary residents) residing in the United States differently than citizens.

Because the taxation system regards both spouses in a married couple as one, a spouse who is a citizen can receive unlimited tax-free transfers of assets & property from his or her spouse. This is known as the unlimited martial deduction. However, the rationale for treating non-citizens spouses differently is the government’s concern that a non-citizen spouse will receive this wealth without having been taxed and then subsequently move out of the U.S. and/or transfer it where it may never be taxed by the U.S. government. Therefore, this marital deduction is not an option for non-citizen spouses.

Here are some commonly used techniques to consider when trying to replicate the benefits afforded to citizen spouses to non-citizen spouses:

– Equalize the Estates for both spouses during their lifetimes. Although the amount changes every year to adjust for inflation, in 2009 a spouse may transfer by gift up to $133,000 of property to her non-citizen spouse without incurrence of a gift tax. This amount should be used to “even up” each spouse’s estate if the value of assets titled in each of the spouses names spouses is not even.

– Maximize the Estate Tax exemption. In 2009, upon his death, a spouse may transfer to his non-citizen spouse an amount up to the amount of the federal estate tax exemption amount without triggering the federal estate tax. Note that while this exemption amount is $3.5 million for 2009, the legislature is reportedly currently acting to either make this amount permanent or to reduce it.

– Use of a QDOT Trust. In addition to giving a non-citizen spouse the option to disclaim or “pass” on what he may be getting by including a disclaimer trust, a Qualified Domestic Trust or QDOT may also be used to postpone the estate tax when more than the amount of the personal federal estate tax exemption is left to a non-U.S. citizen spouse by the other spouse. This option allows flexibility for citizenship changes of the surviving spouse, law changes after death, and a re-evaluation of financial circumstances.

In conclusion, although Estate & Gift tax laws are intended to treat citizen spouses differently that non-citizen spouses, the implementation of available techniques with careful planning can produce favorable results under the current law while retaining flexibility for changing circumstances.

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Category: Trusts